Undergraduate dissertation
Authorship
S.A.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
S.A.M.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2026 14:00
02.19.2026 14:00
Summary
Este trabajo analiza la figura del Valedor do Pobo como institución de control de la Administración pública y defensa de los derechos fundamentales, con especial atención a su actuación en el ámbito educativo en Galicia durante el año 2024. El estudio se inicia con una aproximación histórica a la institución del Ombudsman, origen del Defensor del Pueblo, y a su incorporación al ordenamiento jurídico español a través del artículo 54 de la Constitución Española y de la Ley Orgánica 3/1981. Asimismo, se examina la relación entre el Defensor del Pueblo estatal y las defensorías autonómicas, destacando sus diferencias competenciales y los mecanismos de coordinación existentes. A continuación, el trabajo se centra en el Valedor do Pobo de Galicia, analizando su naturaleza jurídica, organización interna, funciones generales y el procedimiento de tramitación de quejas, de acuerdo con la Ley 6/1984, de 5 de junio, y su normativa de desarrollo. Se subraya el papel del Valedor como alto comisionado del Parlamento de Galicia y como mediador entre la ciudadanía y la Administración autonómica. La parte central del trabajo se dedica al análisis del Informe Anual del Valedor do Pobo correspondiente a 2024, con especial énfasis en las quejas relacionadas con el sistema educativo gallego. Se examinan las principales problemáticas detectadas, tales como el incumplimiento de ratios, la insuficiencia de profesorado, la atención a las necesidades educativas especiales, el acoso escolar y la dotación de recursos en los centros educativos. Finalmente, el trabajo ofrece una valoración sobre la relevancia de la actuación del Valedor do Pobo en la mejora del funcionamiento de la Administración educativa y en la protección efectiva de los derechos de la ciudadanía.
Este trabajo analiza la figura del Valedor do Pobo como institución de control de la Administración pública y defensa de los derechos fundamentales, con especial atención a su actuación en el ámbito educativo en Galicia durante el año 2024. El estudio se inicia con una aproximación histórica a la institución del Ombudsman, origen del Defensor del Pueblo, y a su incorporación al ordenamiento jurídico español a través del artículo 54 de la Constitución Española y de la Ley Orgánica 3/1981. Asimismo, se examina la relación entre el Defensor del Pueblo estatal y las defensorías autonómicas, destacando sus diferencias competenciales y los mecanismos de coordinación existentes. A continuación, el trabajo se centra en el Valedor do Pobo de Galicia, analizando su naturaleza jurídica, organización interna, funciones generales y el procedimiento de tramitación de quejas, de acuerdo con la Ley 6/1984, de 5 de junio, y su normativa de desarrollo. Se subraya el papel del Valedor como alto comisionado del Parlamento de Galicia y como mediador entre la ciudadanía y la Administración autonómica. La parte central del trabajo se dedica al análisis del Informe Anual del Valedor do Pobo correspondiente a 2024, con especial énfasis en las quejas relacionadas con el sistema educativo gallego. Se examinan las principales problemáticas detectadas, tales como el incumplimiento de ratios, la insuficiencia de profesorado, la atención a las necesidades educativas especiales, el acoso escolar y la dotación de recursos en los centros educativos. Finalmente, el trabajo ofrece una valoración sobre la relevancia de la actuación del Valedor do Pobo en la mejora del funcionamiento de la Administración educativa y en la protección efectiva de los derechos de la ciudadanía.
Direction
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ, JOSE JULIO (Student’s tutor)
Cognitive warfare and informational manipulation in cyberespace
Authorship
A.M.B.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
A.M.B.G.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
02.18.2026 10:30
02.18.2026 10:30
Summary
The evolution of the cyberspace and the development of digital technologies within the context of the information society have created a need for States to transform the way power is exercised and conflicts are managed. Information has become a strategic tool of influence capable of generating narratives with a strong capacity to shape citizens’ decision-making processes and mold ideas. In this context, cognitive warfare emerges, encompassing the systematic use of disinformation, psychological manipulation, and information operations to influence the population and politically, socially, and economically destabilize a State. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of cognitive warfare in cyberspace, with a particular focus on disinformation campaigns and the use of emerging technologies, and examines the integration of these threats within the framework of national and international cybersecurity. The study focuses especially on the case of Spain, analyzing the strategies and public policies adopted to combat disinformation, highlighting the role of civilian institutions, fact-checking organizations, State Security Forces and Corps, the Armed Forces, and international organizations. Likewise, three recent national cases of disinformation are presented, demonstrating the need to counter disinformation, which has come to the forefront as a key hybrid threat in contemporary conflicts.
The evolution of the cyberspace and the development of digital technologies within the context of the information society have created a need for States to transform the way power is exercised and conflicts are managed. Information has become a strategic tool of influence capable of generating narratives with a strong capacity to shape citizens’ decision-making processes and mold ideas. In this context, cognitive warfare emerges, encompassing the systematic use of disinformation, psychological manipulation, and information operations to influence the population and politically, socially, and economically destabilize a State. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of cognitive warfare in cyberspace, with a particular focus on disinformation campaigns and the use of emerging technologies, and examines the integration of these threats within the framework of national and international cybersecurity. The study focuses especially on the case of Spain, analyzing the strategies and public policies adopted to combat disinformation, highlighting the role of civilian institutions, fact-checking organizations, State Security Forces and Corps, the Armed Forces, and international organizations. Likewise, three recent national cases of disinformation are presented, demonstrating the need to counter disinformation, which has come to the forefront as a key hybrid threat in contemporary conflicts.
Direction
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
BENITEZ BALEATO, JESUS MANUEL (Student’s tutor)
The right of workers to digital disconnection: nature and content
Authorship
A.C.V.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
A.C.V.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.13.2026 11:30
02.13.2026 11:30
Summary
The right to digital disconnection has burst into working reality, requiring adequate protection.This study was conducted to determine whether current regulations fully and effectively protect this right. To this end, it begins with a review of the current legislation, which gives a fundamental role to collective bargaining, to continue with an examination of the situation regarding collective agreements and the interpretation of this right by the courts.
The right to digital disconnection has burst into working reality, requiring adequate protection.This study was conducted to determine whether current regulations fully and effectively protect this right. To this end, it begins with a review of the current legislation, which gives a fundamental role to collective bargaining, to continue with an examination of the situation regarding collective agreements and the interpretation of this right by the courts.
Direction
VILLALBA SANCHEZ, ALICIA (Tutorships)
VILLALBA SANCHEZ, ALICIA (Tutorships)
Court
VILLALBA SANCHEZ, ALICIA (Student’s tutor)
VILLALBA SANCHEZ, ALICIA (Student’s tutor)
Birth and childcare allowance for single-parent families: evolution
Authorship
A.C.V.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
A.C.V.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.20.2026 12:30
02.20.2026 12:30
Summary
The birth and childcare allowance has had a winding path in the case of single-parent families. Considering an initial context in which they were not given differentiated treatment, in contrast to the original legislation, the line of case law that has led to its modification is addressed. Led by the disparity between the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court, which was unfavourable to the extension of the leave, and the Third Chamber, which was in favour of its extension, and due to the absence of a harmonising ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union, whose attempt was unsuccessful, the Constitutional Court presented its interpretation. This interpretation determined that the failure to grant a longer period of suspension for lone parents, who are members of single-parent families, constituted discrimination against children born into this type of family, who were worse protected simply because of their birth. As a result of the declaration of unconstitutionality of the precepts on which the rejection of the increase was based, both the legislation and the courts have been forced to adopt a real change, favouring the possibility of providing better care for minors through a greater number of weeks of leave.
The birth and childcare allowance has had a winding path in the case of single-parent families. Considering an initial context in which they were not given differentiated treatment, in contrast to the original legislation, the line of case law that has led to its modification is addressed. Led by the disparity between the Fourth Chamber of the Supreme Court, which was unfavourable to the extension of the leave, and the Third Chamber, which was in favour of its extension, and due to the absence of a harmonising ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union, whose attempt was unsuccessful, the Constitutional Court presented its interpretation. This interpretation determined that the failure to grant a longer period of suspension for lone parents, who are members of single-parent families, constituted discrimination against children born into this type of family, who were worse protected simply because of their birth. As a result of the declaration of unconstitutionality of the precepts on which the rejection of the increase was based, both the legislation and the courts have been forced to adopt a real change, favouring the possibility of providing better care for minors through a greater number of weeks of leave.
Direction
PAZO ARGIBAY, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
PAZO ARGIBAY, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
GARATE CASTRO, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Chairman)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Secretary)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Member)
GARATE CASTRO, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Chairman)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Secretary)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Member)
Analysis of the legal framework for the prevention of teleworking
Authorship
L.F.N.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
L.F.N.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.13.2026 09:30
02.13.2026 09:30
Summary
This Final Degree Project (TFG) offers an analysis of the preventive legal system for teleworking, based on the evolution that this modality has undergone in recent years and, above all, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, which gave rise to the need for regulations to protect the health and safety of teleworkers. From the point of view of occupational risk prevention, the guarantees provided by Law 10/2021 of 9 July on remote working are examined and, specifically, Articles 15 and 16 of the aforementioned regulation are analysed, highlighting the shortcomings they present in relation to risk assessment, delimitation of the authorised area and identification of risk factors. This paper also addresses the typical occupational factors and risks of teleworking, highlighting the importance of psychosocial risks and the lack of regulations that address them. Finally, it analyses the applicable preventive measures, paying special attention to worker training in preventive matters as a tool to mitigate regulatory gaps.
This Final Degree Project (TFG) offers an analysis of the preventive legal system for teleworking, based on the evolution that this modality has undergone in recent years and, above all, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, which gave rise to the need for regulations to protect the health and safety of teleworkers. From the point of view of occupational risk prevention, the guarantees provided by Law 10/2021 of 9 July on remote working are examined and, specifically, Articles 15 and 16 of the aforementioned regulation are analysed, highlighting the shortcomings they present in relation to risk assessment, delimitation of the authorised area and identification of risk factors. This paper also addresses the typical occupational factors and risks of teleworking, highlighting the importance of psychosocial risks and the lack of regulations that address them. Finally, it analyses the applicable preventive measures, paying special attention to worker training in preventive matters as a tool to mitigate regulatory gaps.
Direction
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Tutorships)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Tutorships)
Court
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Student’s tutor)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Student’s tutor)
Critical analysis of the latest developments in work-life balance in Spain
Authorship
L.F.N.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
L.F.N.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.19.2026 16:00
02.19.2026 16:00
Summary
In this paper, recent developments relating to work life balance measures in Spain are analysed, with particular emphasis on the extension of leave for birth and care of the child and on the new configuration of the remuneration of parental leave and leave for the care of the breastfeeding child. Royal Decree Law 9/2025 extended the suspension of the employment contract due to birth by three weeks, increasing the period of leave from sixteen to nineteen weeks. In addition, the new reform assigns a very significant role to long term work life balance, as it grants parents two weeks of paid leave, which may be taken flexibly until the child reaches eight years of age. On the other hand, the paper addresses the issues arising from the lack of clarity in the transposition of Directive 2019/1158 with regard to parental leave, which has led the National High Court to expressly determine the unpaid nature of such leave. Developments in the field of coresponsibility also prompt an analysis of leave for the care of the breastfeeding child, provided for in Article 37.4 of the Workers’ Statute, since the legislator currently allows beneficiaries to accumulate this leave but has not established the criteria under which such accumulation should take place.
In this paper, recent developments relating to work life balance measures in Spain are analysed, with particular emphasis on the extension of leave for birth and care of the child and on the new configuration of the remuneration of parental leave and leave for the care of the breastfeeding child. Royal Decree Law 9/2025 extended the suspension of the employment contract due to birth by three weeks, increasing the period of leave from sixteen to nineteen weeks. In addition, the new reform assigns a very significant role to long term work life balance, as it grants parents two weeks of paid leave, which may be taken flexibly until the child reaches eight years of age. On the other hand, the paper addresses the issues arising from the lack of clarity in the transposition of Directive 2019/1158 with regard to parental leave, which has led the National High Court to expressly determine the unpaid nature of such leave. Developments in the field of coresponsibility also prompt an analysis of leave for the care of the breastfeeding child, provided for in Article 37.4 of the Workers’ Statute, since the legislator currently allows beneficiaries to accumulate this leave but has not established the criteria under which such accumulation should take place.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
Analysis of art.320 cp: urban planning prevarications.
Authorship
Á.G.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
Á.G.A.
Bachelor of Criminology
Defense date
02.19.2026 13:00
02.19.2026 13:00
Summary
This work consists of an exhaustive analysis of article 320 of the Spanish Penal Code, a provision that regulates urban prevarications committed by authorities and public officials. The introduction contextualizes the research in a framework of social and criminological concern about corruption, highlighting the need for control mechanisms in the face of discretion in land planning. After establishing a theoretical exploration methodology based on doctrine and jurisprudence, the study breaks down the content of the article, identifying territorial planning and its rational use oriented to the general interest as a protected legal asset. The body of the analysis focuses on the elements of the crime, thoroughly examining the active subject under the criminal concept of official of art. 24.2 CP, which allows the inclusion of interim and labor personnel as long as they perform public functions. Likewise, the typical behaviors included in the precept are studied, such as the favorable report of illegal projects, the omission of inspections and the resolution or voting on licenses contrary to the norm. The work concludes by addressing the effectiveness of the current legal drafting and the impact of these violations on the Rule of Law and environmental sustainability.
This work consists of an exhaustive analysis of article 320 of the Spanish Penal Code, a provision that regulates urban prevarications committed by authorities and public officials. The introduction contextualizes the research in a framework of social and criminological concern about corruption, highlighting the need for control mechanisms in the face of discretion in land planning. After establishing a theoretical exploration methodology based on doctrine and jurisprudence, the study breaks down the content of the article, identifying territorial planning and its rational use oriented to the general interest as a protected legal asset. The body of the analysis focuses on the elements of the crime, thoroughly examining the active subject under the criminal concept of official of art. 24.2 CP, which allows the inclusion of interim and labor personnel as long as they perform public functions. Likewise, the typical behaviors included in the precept are studied, such as the favorable report of illegal projects, the omission of inspections and the resolution or voting on licenses contrary to the norm. The work concludes by addressing the effectiveness of the current legal drafting and the impact of these violations on the Rule of Law and environmental sustainability.
Direction
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Tutorships)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Tutorships)
Court
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Student’s tutor)
VAZQUEZ-PORTOMEÑE SEIJAS, FERNANDO ANTONIO (Student’s tutor)
Money Laundering Through Virtual Currencies And the Use of Artificial Intelligence To Combat It
Authorship
A.M.M.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
A.M.M.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.18.2026 11:00
02.18.2026 11:00
Summary
This paper focuses on the crime of money laundering from a contemporary perspective, taking into account the digital environment that surrounds us. It begins with an explanation of the general concept of money laundering. The study provides an overview of the offence and its various manifestations throughout history, from its traditional forms involving physical cash to the current phenomenon of cyber-laundering. The central focus of the work is on the various virtual tools and platforms currently used to commit this crime, as well as the regulatory and supervisory measures that have been developed or adapted to monitor and control such activities. On the one hand, this paper focuses on explaining the types of virtual currencies most commonly used in the commission of this offence, as well as other technologies involved in such criminal activities. Likewise, brief reference is made to the regulation of this matter within the Spanish legal system, with particular emphasis on the criminal liability of legal persons. The aim is to provide a perspective on this offence that goes beyond a purely normative framework; accordingly, the laundering process within the art market is also examined. On the other hand, the main subject is addressed in conjunction with the growing relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the legal field, where it is currently employed both for relatively simple tasks, such as the drafting of legal claims, and for the prevention and detection of money laundering and terrorist financing. The use of this technology in the fight against money laundering has become indispensable in recent years, and it is therefore of particular interest to analyse the available tools and applications. Accordingly, this paper will examine the aforementioned issues following the structure set out in the table of contents on the following pages, and will conclude with the findings of the research and the bibliography consulted.
This paper focuses on the crime of money laundering from a contemporary perspective, taking into account the digital environment that surrounds us. It begins with an explanation of the general concept of money laundering. The study provides an overview of the offence and its various manifestations throughout history, from its traditional forms involving physical cash to the current phenomenon of cyber-laundering. The central focus of the work is on the various virtual tools and platforms currently used to commit this crime, as well as the regulatory and supervisory measures that have been developed or adapted to monitor and control such activities. On the one hand, this paper focuses on explaining the types of virtual currencies most commonly used in the commission of this offence, as well as other technologies involved in such criminal activities. Likewise, brief reference is made to the regulation of this matter within the Spanish legal system, with particular emphasis on the criminal liability of legal persons. The aim is to provide a perspective on this offence that goes beyond a purely normative framework; accordingly, the laundering process within the art market is also examined. On the other hand, the main subject is addressed in conjunction with the growing relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the legal field, where it is currently employed both for relatively simple tasks, such as the drafting of legal claims, and for the prevention and detection of money laundering and terrorist financing. The use of this technology in the fight against money laundering has become indispensable in recent years, and it is therefore of particular interest to analyse the available tools and applications. Accordingly, this paper will examine the aforementioned issues following the structure set out in the table of contents on the following pages, and will conclude with the findings of the research and the bibliography consulted.
Direction
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Tutorships)
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Tutorships)
Court
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Student’s tutor)
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Student’s tutor)
Working hours: an historical approximation and actual debate
Authorship
M.N.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.N.B.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.20.2026 12:00
02.20.2026 12:00
Summary
This text seeks to make an historical approximation to the legislation concerning the reduction of working hours in Spain from the beginning of the social legal order to our days. It follows with an analysis of the current legal system which nowadays regulates working hours and the flexibility measures of the modern system. Finally, a detailed study is made of the propositions and replies to the Propuesta de Ley de reducción de la jornada laboral, which reignites the debate about the future of working hours, attending to the favourable and adverse arguments to the proposal, as well as focusing on the principal issues which surround the topic and pointing at the secondary topics in it.
This text seeks to make an historical approximation to the legislation concerning the reduction of working hours in Spain from the beginning of the social legal order to our days. It follows with an analysis of the current legal system which nowadays regulates working hours and the flexibility measures of the modern system. Finally, a detailed study is made of the propositions and replies to the Propuesta de Ley de reducción de la jornada laboral, which reignites the debate about the future of working hours, attending to the favourable and adverse arguments to the proposal, as well as focusing on the principal issues which surround the topic and pointing at the secondary topics in it.
Direction
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Tutorships)
MIRANDA BOTO, JOSE MARIA (Tutorships)
Court
GARATE CASTRO, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Chairman)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Secretary)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Member)
GARATE CASTRO, FRANCISCO JAVIER (Chairman)
FERREIRO REGUEIRO, MARIA CONSUELO (Secretary)
MANEIRO VAZQUEZ, YOLANDA (Member)
Law and AI: Could Machines Replace the Human Mind?
Authorship
B.N.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
B.N.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2026 12:00
02.19.2026 12:00
Summary
This paper analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence in the legal field and critically examines the possibility that machines may replace the human mind and, in particular, legal professionals. Starting from a conceptual and philosophical approach, it explores the fundamental differences between artificial intelligence and the human mind, highlighting the absence in algorithmic systems of consciousness, will, moral responsibility, and ethical understanding elements that are essential for legal reasoning and the attribution of responsibility. Throughout the paper, the debate on the automation of law and the potential replacement of jurists by artificial intelligence systems is addressed, concluding that although these technologies may improve efficiency and support certain tasks, they cannot replace human judgment or assume decision-making functions in areas where fundamental rights are at stake. The importance of the human factor as a guarantee of legitimate, value-oriented justice is also emphasized, in light of the risks arising from excessive automation. The study also examines regulatory and doctrinal proposals aimed at achieving a balanced coexistence between artificial intelligence and law, stressing the need to establish clear limits through regulation, effective human oversight, transparency, and the attribution of responsibility. Finally, it concludes that artificial intelligence should be conceived as a tool at the service of law rather than as a substitute for human beings, reaffirming the central role of the person as the ultimate guarantor of justice in the law of the future.
This paper analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence in the legal field and critically examines the possibility that machines may replace the human mind and, in particular, legal professionals. Starting from a conceptual and philosophical approach, it explores the fundamental differences between artificial intelligence and the human mind, highlighting the absence in algorithmic systems of consciousness, will, moral responsibility, and ethical understanding elements that are essential for legal reasoning and the attribution of responsibility. Throughout the paper, the debate on the automation of law and the potential replacement of jurists by artificial intelligence systems is addressed, concluding that although these technologies may improve efficiency and support certain tasks, they cannot replace human judgment or assume decision-making functions in areas where fundamental rights are at stake. The importance of the human factor as a guarantee of legitimate, value-oriented justice is also emphasized, in light of the risks arising from excessive automation. The study also examines regulatory and doctrinal proposals aimed at achieving a balanced coexistence between artificial intelligence and law, stressing the need to establish clear limits through regulation, effective human oversight, transparency, and the attribution of responsibility. Finally, it concludes that artificial intelligence should be conceived as a tool at the service of law rather than as a substitute for human beings, reaffirming the central role of the person as the ultimate guarantor of justice in the law of the future.
Direction
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Tutorships)
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Tutorships)
Court
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Student’s tutor)
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Student’s tutor)
The legal protection of workers in a situation of permanent disability: impact of the CJEU’s case law on the Spanish labour legal system
Authorship
K.O.Q.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
K.O.Q.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.20.2026 10:00
02.20.2026 10:00
Summary
This paper analyses the legal protection of workers in a situation of total permanent disability within the Spanish labour law system, in light of the impact of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Traditionally, the declaration of this contingency entailed the automatic termination of the employment contract, without any prior assessment of possible reasonable accommodations. The CJEU judgment of 18 January 2024 (Case C-631/22) calls this regime into question due to its incompatibility with the principle of equality and non-discrimination on grounds of disability, in accordance with Directive 2000/78/EC. The paper also examines the previous legal framework, the content and scope of the aforementioned judgment, as well as the subsequent judicial and legislative adaptation brought about by Law 2/2025. Finally, it offers a critical assessment of the effectiveness of the new regulatory framework, which is centred on the employer’s obligation to explore reasonable accommodations prior to the termination of the employment relationship.
This paper analyses the legal protection of workers in a situation of total permanent disability within the Spanish labour law system, in light of the impact of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Traditionally, the declaration of this contingency entailed the automatic termination of the employment contract, without any prior assessment of possible reasonable accommodations. The CJEU judgment of 18 January 2024 (Case C-631/22) calls this regime into question due to its incompatibility with the principle of equality and non-discrimination on grounds of disability, in accordance with Directive 2000/78/EC. The paper also examines the previous legal framework, the content and scope of the aforementioned judgment, as well as the subsequent judicial and legislative adaptation brought about by Law 2/2025. Finally, it offers a critical assessment of the effectiveness of the new regulatory framework, which is centred on the employer’s obligation to explore reasonable accommodations prior to the termination of the employment relationship.
Direction
PAZO ARGIBAY, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
PAZO ARGIBAY, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Member)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Member)
The offence of online child grooming in the Spanish Criminal Code: current challenges posed by emerging technology
Authorship
K.O.Q.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
K.O.Q.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.19.2026 11:00
02.19.2026 11:00
Summary
This research paper conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of the offence of online child grooming under the provisions of Article 183 of the Spanish Criminal Code., addressing its normative, dogmatic, and phenomenological evolution. The primary objective is to evaluate the adequacy of the criminal justice response to new modalities of technological solicitation of minors within a context of global digitalization. Following a detailed analysis of offender and victim profiles, as well as the psychological manipulation phases that define the grooming process, the study examines the international framework that underpins the criminalization of these behaviors. Subsequently, it delves into the technical configuration of the offense, emphasizing the protection of sexual integrity as the protected legal interest and the structure of advance legal protection. Furthermore, the research addresses critical issues of practical application, such as the problematic concurrence clause and its tension with the ne bis in idem principle, along with emerging challenges posed by the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence and the phenomenon of deepfakes. The findings suggest that, although Article 183 constitutes an essential tool, it exhibits asymmetries with respect to european regulations and requires interpretative adjustments to ensure systematic coherence. It is concluded that effective prevention demands not only periodic regulatory updates but also comprehensive policies that combine criminal prosecution with digital education and multidisciplinary support for families.
This research paper conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of the offence of online child grooming under the provisions of Article 183 of the Spanish Criminal Code., addressing its normative, dogmatic, and phenomenological evolution. The primary objective is to evaluate the adequacy of the criminal justice response to new modalities of technological solicitation of minors within a context of global digitalization. Following a detailed analysis of offender and victim profiles, as well as the psychological manipulation phases that define the grooming process, the study examines the international framework that underpins the criminalization of these behaviors. Subsequently, it delves into the technical configuration of the offense, emphasizing the protection of sexual integrity as the protected legal interest and the structure of advance legal protection. Furthermore, the research addresses critical issues of practical application, such as the problematic concurrence clause and its tension with the ne bis in idem principle, along with emerging challenges posed by the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence and the phenomenon of deepfakes. The findings suggest that, although Article 183 constitutes an essential tool, it exhibits asymmetries with respect to european regulations and requires interpretative adjustments to ensure systematic coherence. It is concluded that effective prevention demands not only periodic regulatory updates but also comprehensive policies that combine criminal prosecution with digital education and multidisciplinary support for families.
Direction
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
PEREZ RIVAS, NATALIA (Tutorships)
Court
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Chairman)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Secretary)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Member)
ABEL SOUTO, MIGUEL (Chairman)
BRAGE CENDAN, SANTIAGO BERNARDO (Secretary)
Valeije Álvarez, María Inmaculada (Member)
Public Urban Planning in Spain: The role of de Administrative Law
Authorship
G.O.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
G.O.F.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2026 12:00
02.19.2026 12:00
Summary
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of urban planning corruption in our country from a legal and administrative perspective. Starting from a conceptual approach to public corruption, the subjective and objective elements will be defined in order to understand the concept in the field of urban planning. Next, the main causes of this phenomenon and its proliferation during the years of the boom inmobiliario will be examined, as well as its legal, economic and social consequences, especially in relation to land use planning and management. The paper addresses the current legal framework for combating urban planning corruption, from state legislation to regional urban planning regulations. Finally, it reflects on the eminent preventive function of Administrative Law, the transparency and sanctioning measures incorporated in recent years, and the need for an anti-corruption policy in the field of urban planning.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of urban planning corruption in our country from a legal and administrative perspective. Starting from a conceptual approach to public corruption, the subjective and objective elements will be defined in order to understand the concept in the field of urban planning. Next, the main causes of this phenomenon and its proliferation during the years of the boom inmobiliario will be examined, as well as its legal, economic and social consequences, especially in relation to land use planning and management. The paper addresses the current legal framework for combating urban planning corruption, from state legislation to regional urban planning regulations. Finally, it reflects on the eminent preventive function of Administrative Law, the transparency and sanctioning measures incorporated in recent years, and the need for an anti-corruption policy in the field of urban planning.
Direction
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Tutorships)
Court
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
Almeida Cerreda, Marcos (Student’s tutor)
Police action related to the arrest
Authorship
C.P.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
C.P.T.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.18.2026 10:00
02.18.2026 10:00
Summary
This paper analyzes the role played by the State Security Forces and Corps (hereinafter FCSE) when acting as Judicial Police within the Spanish criminal justice system. The study focuses mainly on detention as a precautionary measure, addressing its concept, procedure, and legal requirements, as well as the circumstances in which such a measure becomes illegal, highlighting the Habeas Corpus procedure. The paper also devotes specific analysis to the rights of detainees as set out in criminal procedural law as an essential element of fundamental rights. Finally, the paper includes an analysis of various police actions which, although not constituting arrest in the strict sense, are common in criminal proceedings, including identification, external body searches, and breathalyzer tests.
This paper analyzes the role played by the State Security Forces and Corps (hereinafter FCSE) when acting as Judicial Police within the Spanish criminal justice system. The study focuses mainly on detention as a precautionary measure, addressing its concept, procedure, and legal requirements, as well as the circumstances in which such a measure becomes illegal, highlighting the Habeas Corpus procedure. The paper also devotes specific analysis to the rights of detainees as set out in criminal procedural law as an essential element of fundamental rights. Finally, the paper includes an analysis of various police actions which, although not constituting arrest in the strict sense, are common in criminal proceedings, including identification, external body searches, and breathalyzer tests.
Direction
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Tutorships)
Court
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Alonso Salgado, Cristina (Student’s tutor)
Unemployment benefits and benefits for cessation of activity. A comparative study and proposals for improvement.
Authorship
M.P.L.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
M.P.L.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.20.2026 10:00
02.20.2026 10:00
Summary
This undergraduate dissertation delves into the protection system in the Spanish legal system against the loss of employment, professional activity, or business activity. The study focuses on unemployment benefits under the General Social Security System and benefits for cessation of activity under the Special System for Self-Employed Workers. From a descriptive point of view, it examines the characteristic elements of both benefits: eligibility requirements, waiting period, duration, calculation, and amount, as well as situations of suspension, termination, and incompatibility of the right. Based on the theoretical approach, the main differences in the regulation of both schemes are highlighted, especially with regard to the accreditation of the legal situation of cessation of activity and, in general, in relation to the lower level of protection provided to self-employed workers. Finally, through comparative analysis, a series of proposals for improvement are presented, focused on strengthening the equity of the system, facilitating access to protection, mainly protection for cessation of activity, and achieving greater equality between the General Regime and the Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers, promoting more robust social protection that is adapted to the economic and social reality.
This undergraduate dissertation delves into the protection system in the Spanish legal system against the loss of employment, professional activity, or business activity. The study focuses on unemployment benefits under the General Social Security System and benefits for cessation of activity under the Special System for Self-Employed Workers. From a descriptive point of view, it examines the characteristic elements of both benefits: eligibility requirements, waiting period, duration, calculation, and amount, as well as situations of suspension, termination, and incompatibility of the right. Based on the theoretical approach, the main differences in the regulation of both schemes are highlighted, especially with regard to the accreditation of the legal situation of cessation of activity and, in general, in relation to the lower level of protection provided to self-employed workers. Finally, through comparative analysis, a series of proposals for improvement are presented, focused on strengthening the equity of the system, facilitating access to protection, mainly protection for cessation of activity, and achieving greater equality between the General Regime and the Special Regime for Self-Employed Workers, promoting more robust social protection that is adapted to the economic and social reality.
Direction
PAZO ARGIBAY, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
PAZO ARGIBAY, JOSE MANUEL (Tutorships)
Court
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Member)
MUNIN SANCHEZ, LARA MARIA (Chairman)
TORRES GARCIA, BARBARA (Secretary)
GIL OTERO, LIDIA (Member)
The delimitation of the powers of municipalities and those delegated to them under Law 7/1985.
Authorship
M.P.L.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
M.P.L.
Double bachelor degree in Laws and Labour Relations and Human Resources
Defense date
02.19.2026 10:00
02.19.2026 10:00
Summary
The delimitation of municipal powers in the Spanish legal landscape is analysed, based on the distinction between own powers and delegated powers, in accordance with Law 7/1985, regulating the bases of local government. It addresses the relevance of the municipality as the territorial entity closest to citizens and its role in the territorial organisation of the State, reflected in the differentiated allocation of powers between public administrations. With regard to powers, it covers their material content, the principles that inform their exercise, as well as their limits and forms of management. A comparative study of the two types of municipal powers is also carried out. Subsequently, a jurisprudential analysis of the most important concepts is carried out, mainly in relation to local autonomy. Finally, a review is carried out of the powers exercised, the manner and the means by which the municipalities of A Coruña, Ferrol and Baiona exercise their recognised municipal powers.
The delimitation of municipal powers in the Spanish legal landscape is analysed, based on the distinction between own powers and delegated powers, in accordance with Law 7/1985, regulating the bases of local government. It addresses the relevance of the municipality as the territorial entity closest to citizens and its role in the territorial organisation of the State, reflected in the differentiated allocation of powers between public administrations. With regard to powers, it covers their material content, the principles that inform their exercise, as well as their limits and forms of management. A comparative study of the two types of municipal powers is also carried out. Subsequently, a jurisprudential analysis of the most important concepts is carried out, mainly in relation to local autonomy. Finally, a review is carried out of the powers exercised, the manner and the means by which the municipalities of A Coruña, Ferrol and Baiona exercise their recognised municipal powers.
Direction
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Tutorships)
Court
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
VILLANUEVA TURNES, ALEJANDRO (Student’s tutor)
Crime of psychological injury
Authorship
L.P.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
L.P.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.18.2026 11:00
02.18.2026 11:00
Summary
The Bachelor´s Thesis titled “Crime of Psychological Injuries” offers a comprehensive analysis of the legal and doctrinal evolution of psychological harm in Spanish criminal law, emphasizing its recognition as an autonomous form of injury. It focuses on Article 147 of the Spanish Penal Code, which explicitly includes mental health deterioration as a punishable result. The study highlights legislative and jurisprudential developments that have consolidated the legal protection of psychological harm, distinguishing it from ordinary or transient emotions responses. It emphasizes the importance of psychiatric and psychological expert reports as essential proof, given the subjective and invisible nature of mental damage. The thesis explores common contexts in which psychological injuries occur: gender-based violence, workplace harassment (mobbing), school bullying, and serious crimes such as rape or kidnapping. It analyzes the difficulties in clinically and legally assessing mental suffering, and the evidentiary standards required by courts. It proposes legislative and institutional reforms to improve victim care and psychological damage reparation, including free psychological support, independent expert, and specialized training. The roles of the Public Prosecutor and private prosecution in addressing these crimes are also evaluated, advocating for a restorative justice model focused on the victim. Finally, it includes a comparative international analysis with legal systems such as France, Germany, the International Criminal Court, and the European Court of Human Rights, pointing out best practices and key differences regarding psychological harm and the role of victims in criminal proceedings.
The Bachelor´s Thesis titled “Crime of Psychological Injuries” offers a comprehensive analysis of the legal and doctrinal evolution of psychological harm in Spanish criminal law, emphasizing its recognition as an autonomous form of injury. It focuses on Article 147 of the Spanish Penal Code, which explicitly includes mental health deterioration as a punishable result. The study highlights legislative and jurisprudential developments that have consolidated the legal protection of psychological harm, distinguishing it from ordinary or transient emotions responses. It emphasizes the importance of psychiatric and psychological expert reports as essential proof, given the subjective and invisible nature of mental damage. The thesis explores common contexts in which psychological injuries occur: gender-based violence, workplace harassment (mobbing), school bullying, and serious crimes such as rape or kidnapping. It analyzes the difficulties in clinically and legally assessing mental suffering, and the evidentiary standards required by courts. It proposes legislative and institutional reforms to improve victim care and psychological damage reparation, including free psychological support, independent expert, and specialized training. The roles of the Public Prosecutor and private prosecution in addressing these crimes are also evaluated, advocating for a restorative justice model focused on the victim. Finally, it includes a comparative international analysis with legal systems such as France, Germany, the International Criminal Court, and the European Court of Human Rights, pointing out best practices and key differences regarding psychological harm and the role of victims in criminal proceedings.
Direction
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Tutorships)
Court
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Student’s tutor)
GUINARTE CABADA, GUMERSINDO (Student’s tutor)
Protecting workers from asbestos: analysis from the perspective of occupational risk prevention and social security
Authorship
Á.Q.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Á.Q.G.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2026 16:30
02.19.2026 16:30
Summary
This paper deals with the protection of workers against the use of asbestos in the workplace. Asbestos was a highly sought-after material in many sectors due to its low price and multiple properties. This TFG will analyse how its use directly affected the health of workers. To do this, it is necessary to delve into the regulatory evolution of the matter until the ban on this substance. One of the most important mechanisms for preventing the health of workers, their families and neighbours from continuing to be at risk is the gradual adoption of more occupational risk prevention measures, which were a duty for employers and, in turn, a right for workers. Advances in the classification of diseases caused by this exposure will also be studied, culminating in the approval of RD 1299/2006, which approves the list of occupational diseases, including those derived from the use of asbestos. Finally, the employer's liability for non-compliance with preventive regulations in this area will be analysed.
This paper deals with the protection of workers against the use of asbestos in the workplace. Asbestos was a highly sought-after material in many sectors due to its low price and multiple properties. This TFG will analyse how its use directly affected the health of workers. To do this, it is necessary to delve into the regulatory evolution of the matter until the ban on this substance. One of the most important mechanisms for preventing the health of workers, their families and neighbours from continuing to be at risk is the gradual adoption of more occupational risk prevention measures, which were a duty for employers and, in turn, a right for workers. Advances in the classification of diseases caused by this exposure will also be studied, culminating in the approval of RD 1299/2006, which approves the list of occupational diseases, including those derived from the use of asbestos. Finally, the employer's liability for non-compliance with preventive regulations in this area will be analysed.
Direction
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Tutorships)
Court
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
FERNANDEZ MARTINEZ, SILVIA (Student’s tutor)
Liability for the use of artificial intelligence in professional services
Authorship
M.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.S.C.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.20.2026 10:30
02.20.2026 10:30
Summary
The present thesis analyses the civil liability arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the field of professional services, a sector in which AI is increasingly integrated as a tool to support decision-making, as well as in the personal or more everyday sphere. To this end, the current European and Spanish regulatory framework is addressed. Delves into different liability scenarios and analyses how responsibility is distributed between the professional, the customer and the technology provider. Legal issues arising from causation, human supervision and the traceability of intelligent systems are studied and supplemented with a review of relevant case law, regulatory trends and an analysis of doctrinally relevant cases. Finally, the main regulatory challenges are outlined and proposals for improvement are formulated to ensure a responsible and legally secure use of AI in professional services as well as in generic usage at user level, that is, in a daily context.
The present thesis analyses the civil liability arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence systems in the field of professional services, a sector in which AI is increasingly integrated as a tool to support decision-making, as well as in the personal or more everyday sphere. To this end, the current European and Spanish regulatory framework is addressed. Delves into different liability scenarios and analyses how responsibility is distributed between the professional, the customer and the technology provider. Legal issues arising from causation, human supervision and the traceability of intelligent systems are studied and supplemented with a review of relevant case law, regulatory trends and an analysis of doctrinally relevant cases. Finally, the main regulatory challenges are outlined and proposals for improvement are formulated to ensure a responsible and legally secure use of AI in professional services as well as in generic usage at user level, that is, in a daily context.
Direction
OTERO CRESPO, MARTA (Tutorships)
OTERO CRESPO, MARTA (Tutorships)
Court
OTERO CRESPO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
OTERO CRESPO, MARTA (Student’s tutor)
Startups as a business model: an economic and legal approach
Authorship
N.V.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
N.V.D.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.19.2026 12:00
02.19.2026 12:00
Summary
This Bachelor’s Thesis analyzes the phenomenon of startups as one of the main expressions of innovative entrepreneurship in the contemporary economy. Combining an economic and legal perspective, it examines the origin and evolution of the startup ecosystem, as well as its distinguishing characteristics compared to traditional business models. Through a review of Law 28/2022, of December 21, on the promotion of the startup ecosystem, highlighting its most relevant aspects and other issues of interest in the business life of startups, the study emphasizes the central role they play in generating innovation, economic growth, and skilled employment, especially in a modern knowledge and technology based economy. From both a doctrinal and regulatory perspective, the various stages of a startup’s life cycle are analyzed, from the conception of the idea delving into the legal aspects of its formal establishment to its potential consolidation in the market. The main challenges faced by founders throughout this process are also examined, including the high failure rate, the constant need for funding, and the difficulty of fitting within the traditional regulatory framework. In this context, the most common funding mechanisms, both public and private, are studied, as well as their suitability for each stage of business development. Finally, the study highlights the legislator’s efforts to create a specific legal framework adapted to the particularities of startups by addressing recent Spanish legislation, emphasizing the main measures introduced by the Startup Law and the Crea y Crece Law, aimed at facilitating the creation, growth, and financing of emerging companies, as well as attracting talent and investment. Overall, the study underscores the importance of a favorable legal environment for promoting innovative entrepreneurship and consolidating the startup ecosystem in Spain.
This Bachelor’s Thesis analyzes the phenomenon of startups as one of the main expressions of innovative entrepreneurship in the contemporary economy. Combining an economic and legal perspective, it examines the origin and evolution of the startup ecosystem, as well as its distinguishing characteristics compared to traditional business models. Through a review of Law 28/2022, of December 21, on the promotion of the startup ecosystem, highlighting its most relevant aspects and other issues of interest in the business life of startups, the study emphasizes the central role they play in generating innovation, economic growth, and skilled employment, especially in a modern knowledge and technology based economy. From both a doctrinal and regulatory perspective, the various stages of a startup’s life cycle are analyzed, from the conception of the idea delving into the legal aspects of its formal establishment to its potential consolidation in the market. The main challenges faced by founders throughout this process are also examined, including the high failure rate, the constant need for funding, and the difficulty of fitting within the traditional regulatory framework. In this context, the most common funding mechanisms, both public and private, are studied, as well as their suitability for each stage of business development. Finally, the study highlights the legislator’s efforts to create a specific legal framework adapted to the particularities of startups by addressing recent Spanish legislation, emphasizing the main measures introduced by the Startup Law and the Crea y Crece Law, aimed at facilitating the creation, growth, and financing of emerging companies, as well as attracting talent and investment. Overall, the study underscores the importance of a favorable legal environment for promoting innovative entrepreneurship and consolidating the startup ecosystem in Spain.
Direction
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Tutorships)
Court
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
Fernández-Albor Baltar, Ángel (Student’s tutor)
The other side of fashion. A constant challenge to human rights.
Authorship
M.T.V.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
M.T.V.L.
Bachelor's Degree in Law
Defense date
02.18.2026 12:00
02.18.2026 12:00
Summary
This final degree project aims to analyze all aspects related to the exploitation of human rights in the textile industry, along with the consequences this entails. In this sense, the project prioritizes establishing an understanding of what human rights and fashion are, and then reveals the strong connection between the two. Therefore, throughout this work, the two main pillars of this project, along with dignity, will be studied in depth, ultimately leading to a well-founded opinion on the various changes that should be implmented to improve the situation. Above all, this analysis will respect current regulations, legal doctrine, and jurisprudence, and will also address real-world cases related to the topic.
This final degree project aims to analyze all aspects related to the exploitation of human rights in the textile industry, along with the consequences this entails. In this sense, the project prioritizes establishing an understanding of what human rights and fashion are, and then reveals the strong connection between the two. Therefore, throughout this work, the two main pillars of this project, along with dignity, will be studied in depth, ultimately leading to a well-founded opinion on the various changes that should be implmented to improve the situation. Above all, this analysis will respect current regulations, legal doctrine, and jurisprudence, and will also address real-world cases related to the topic.
Direction
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Tutorships)
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Tutorships)
Court
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Student’s tutor)
Otero Parga, Milagros María (Student’s tutor)